Personality Traits Example

Character Traits Example Character Traits †Coursework Example 4 December Personality Traits My determination of characteristics presents a great picture ofmy character thus does that of the three understudies who recognized my character attributes. Actually, the entirety of the three understudies have distinguished more constructive attributes as a part of my character than I myself have. They have not recognized a solitary antagonistic quality as a part of my character while I have distinguished many. Every one of them has recognized twenty positive attributes in me though I have distinguished seventeen. Aware is the best character characteristic in me dependent on all the appraisals. Bashful is the most contrary quality as a part of my character dependent on all the appraisals. This sort of assessment of character isn't a target methods for evaluation of an individual’s qualities. The assessing understudies might be affected by bunch think. Regardless of whether they are approached to assess freely, they may not recognize similar attri butes in me in the event that they are approached to make the assessment at two unique occasions. Their assessment of my character qualities is especially affected by their most recent communication with me. Individuals will in general overlook the past and more recall the most recent conduct of a person. Notwithstanding that, individuals frequently make one-sided assessments about a person that is either identified with them or has been a companion or foe to them previously. Notwithstanding, when a character characteristic is recognized by three distinct individuals in a similar individual, it implies that the individual can be trusted to have that. In any case, such an assessment ought to be confirmed by requesting that similar respondents grade a similar individual at various occasions.

Stroke, Communication and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stroke, Communication and Management - Essay Example Lamentably, this makes stroke the number six chief reason for incapacity in the whole world. It is without a doubt the case that the rate of stroke overall is extremely disturbing. Regardless, in spite of its basic event around the world, it is a rare occurrence clear to individuals why this specific sickness happens. Not all know about how this sickness assaults and causes lasting incapacity or even passing to its victims. As per Sims and Muyderman (2009: 80 †91), stroke happens when the blood flexibly to the mind is upset as a result of blockage of the blood stream or misfortune or spillage of blood. Given this, the oxygen gracefully to the synapses is interfered with making harm and demise the cells. Given this case, a lasting neurological impedance is all the more most likely the result where as indicated by Donnan, Macleod and Davis (2008: 1612 †1620) is because of the ill-advised working of the influenced region of the cerebrum. Sufficiently genuine, the regular handi cap results of stroke are as per the following: impeding the vision, loss of motion or the absence of capacity to move at least one appendages on a side of the body, loss of sensation on a side of the body, challenges in gulping, loss of reasoning or scholarly limit, loss of memory, change of the enthusiastic angle as well as harming the ability to convey ably because of issues in discourse, troubles in a tough situation of comprehension (Irish Heart Foundation, no date: 13 †16). Notwithstanding that, stroke influences its survivors in causing them to feel slight and frail on one side of their body (US Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, 1995: 3). It similarly impacts the person to have issues with equalization and coordination since their muscles are not that sufficient when contrasted with those muscles before the assault (US Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, 1995: 3). As a rule, because of the assault, they happen to be numb, have issues with controlling th eir bladder and entrail, and cause them to feel discouraged (US Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality (1995: 3). Given the perpetual harm to the capacity of the stroke victim to communicate for oneself and at certain focuses, to be comprehended, correspondence with the victim of the specific sickness has a specific trouble without a doubt. This is on the grounds that after the assault of stroke, the life of the victim has in all probability changed. All things considered, this requires a huge measure of persistence for everybody, specifically to the guardians and to the relatives, who has the most connection with the stroke survivor. In any case, this brings up an issue of what sort of treatment and the executives ought to be finished by the people around the patient who has experienced stroke while associating with them, specifically, as far as correspondence. To make a powerful correspondence with an individual who has experienced stroke, it is critical to take note of that t here are various general contemplations. As a matter of first importance, it is regarded critical to contemplate that because of a stroke, the individual victim may experience some impeded development or abilities that can be brief or perpetual. Given such troubles, it must be comprehended this isn't simple truly, mentally and genuinely for the patient. We as a whole know and experience that it is so disappointing to feel not comprehended. This is one of the troubles that the stroke tolerant is going

How to Spot a Money Pit

How to Spot a Money Pit How to Spot a Money Pit How to Spot a Money PitBuying a house is expensive enough without having to sink thousands and thousands of dollars into additional repairs. When trying to avoid a money pit, start at the bottom and work your way up!Money is pretty goodâ€"or at least its good when you have it. Needing it but not having it is pretty not great. Pits, on the other hand, are more situational, but they tend to be pretty bad. And what could be worse than a pit that  swallows  all of your money?!Yes, thats right, a money pit is undeniably bad. It describes a house that you purchase, only to later realize that it will need a lot of money in repairs to actually make it liveable.Of course, realtors and sellers aren’t likely to be too forward about all the problems the house they’re trying to sell is suffering from. That’s why you need to train yourself to spot a money pit before you put your money down. That training starts now. A strong foundation.Much like Drake, you’ll want to start from the bottom. “There are a few things worth checking out before deciding to buy a property,” advised Bryan Stoddard, director of  Homewares Insider (@homewaresinside). “From bottom to top, the foundations, the flooring, the walls and windows, and the roofing.When it comes to foundations, look for a steel-reinforced concrete foundation, the best thing is to consult a professional. When looking at the floors of the property, notice any bumps or uneven surfaces as they could be a sign of a bad structural setting.”And he wasn’t the only one to emphasize the importance of the foundation.“There are a host of potential profit killers when dealing with a fixer-upper,” warned Jeannie of Real Ventures Inc. “The biggest and most obvious to house flippers like us is the foundation. Imagine buying a used car that needs a new engine the second week you own it. OUCH! And its a huge expense that doesnt add value, it makes it functional. Thats what unplanned foundation work is like.She included th e following signs that a buildings foundation is no good:Vertical cracks in drywall above windows and doorsLateral cracks in the foundation itselfSagging floors in one area of the house.Settling pretty much always occurs with a house (its not always a major issue though).Cracks in drywall .. if they are large or grow over time, youve got a big issue.Lateral cracks in the foundation indicate serious issues that must be addressed immediately, she added, because the soil is likely eroding from one area and the weight of the house is pressing into the void.”Moving on up.Even if the foundation is looking great, there’s still an entire house on top of it that can be filled with problems.“When assessing a ‘fixer-upper’ you really need to break down what projects the home needs into three categories,” explained John Bodrozic, co-founder of  HomeZada (@HomeZada). “The first category is the house’s major systems like the roof, exterior walls, HVAC systems, windows, etc.  Thes e tend to be very costly to replace.“The second category is major lifestyle renovations such as kitchen and bathroom remodels.  Maybe everything is out of date and you want to replace it. Another concept here is whether you are planning on changing the layout of the interior walls. These are discretionary projects but also ones that can be quite expensive depending on the details on the home and what you want to do with it.“The third category is smaller finish projects. Projects like replacing the flooring with new tile, wood, or carpets or painting rooms and new light fixtures are relatively smaller projects and thus each one is less costly.”Here’s Stoddard’s take on the rest of the house:“Check the conditions of doors and windows. Do they look maintained, and do you feel a draft coming from them? Try to open and close all the doors and windows, so that youre sure theyre functioning properly.As for roofing, check out if the previous owners have maintained the roof, and also try to look for moisture inside the property. Look for cracks and damage on the building as theyre a sure sign of neglect.“Also, if the property is older, make sure the pipes are not made out of steel since they have an inherent problem with draining water away. Concerning electricity, look for any exposed wirings as a warning sign not everything is ok.Also, flickering lights can be a sign of faulty wiring in the building. Consult an electrician to check it out.”Come prepared.Not every issue will be apparent just from inspecting the house. That’s why it’s important to do your research and due diligence before even considering a purchase.“Another tip is to do some planning upfront if you are considering a fixer-upper,” recommended Bodrozic. “This involves listing out all the projects you want, and determine a realistic budget by doing some research on products, brands and price points.In addition, plan out the timing of the projects because you probably can’t af ford them all at once, so you can prioritize which ones come first, and which ones you can still live in the house with for a few years before you can tackle them.”But that’s not all!“Another big issue is permitting,” Jeannie told us. “Has the house youre considering had an addition to increase the living space and was it permitted?If an addition was done without permits and youre doing work such as electrical rewiring or replumbing the house and in inspector comes out, they may find that the addition wasnt permitted. You might have to completely demo that illegal addition.Research before purchasing can be done online sometimes but not in all cases. Phone calls to the county or city permitting office may be enough but an in-person visit might be necessary.”Know who you’re working with.In addition to the details of the house, the details of who you’re working with can be as or even more important.“The most critical and sometimes not realized pitfall until its too la te, is having a reliable and good contractor,” urged Jeannie. “A bad contractor can literally destroy your budget and your dreams of the finished product.Imagine having to not only fix whats wrong but redoing the things youve already paid for. Weve gone through this in our business and it DOUBLED the budget.”And of course, as we mentioned earlier, it’s vital that the sellers you work with are trustworthy.“As for the final advice, if the seller is uncooperative and unwilling to help you make these checks, hes hiding something,” warned Stoddard. “So better make sure youre out of there before you buy and later regret it.”Take care of your money.On this blog, we frequently write about how people can improve their financial outlook by avoiding short-term no credit check loans like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans. But getting stuck in a money pit could  easily be far more costly than any of those predatory bad credit loans could ever hope to be!Buying a home w ill always be expensive and come with its own set of risks. But the more careful you are and the more research you do, the better your odds will be of avoiding a money pitâ€"and the better your financial outlook will be moving forward.To read more about saving money on home maintenance, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:6 Ways to Keep Your Home Warm for LessHow You Can DIY Your Way to Cheaper Home Maintenance9 Tips for Keeping Your Security Deposit12 Tips for Getting Rid of (and Selling) Your Extra ClutterDo you have a question about saving money? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJohn Bodrozic  is a co-founder of  HomeZada (@HomeZada), an online and mobile home management solution. HomeZada strives to educate and provide resources for homeowners in all areas of home management, including home inventory, home maintenance, home finances,  and home improvement projects.Jeannie is a married, stay at home mom in Atlan ta and is currently pregnant with her second child. She’s also a real estate investor. In her free time, she loves to travel, read, go for walks in nature and go to the movies.Bryan Stoddard runs a website called  Homewares Insider (@homewaresinside) that explores all things related to homes, interior design, furniture, and gardening. Im also a passionate home designer that loves to tinker with DIY and design schemes.

George And Lennie Relationship Analysis - 871 Words

In the novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, the relationship between Lennie Small and George Milton is complex. Lennie and George are two companions who look for work and brave the hardships of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression together. Although Lennie and George are both grown men, their relationship resembles more of a child and a single parent, or a boy and his dog. Lennie is portrayed as animalistic and childish through his behavior and Steinbeck’s comparisons. This reveals the crucial power dynamic in George and Lennie’s relationship. In the beginning of the novella, Lennie is portrayed as innocent and dependent on George. When Lennie had a mouse and George asked for it, Steinbeck describes Lennie’s reaction†¦show more content†¦Burns continues by saying that unpropitious events occur, even in the lives of the everyday man. Burns implies that the mouse should consider himself lucky because it cannot think about the past; it only focuses on the present and the future, while men dwell on the past. Lennie and the mouse have similar characteristics; just like the mouse, Lennie cannot remember the past. In the novella, George gets frustrated with Lennie for always forgetting things. When Lennie could not remember why they had left Weed and why they were going somewhere new, George says â€Å"...[s]o you forgot already†(4). In Steinbecks Of Mice and Men, Lennie is a metaphor for the mouse, and George a metaphor for men. George can look back on the past, which is why he carries the responsibility of Lennie. Lennie is again given animalistic character traits. Steinbeck does this to create a dynamic in Lennie and George’s relationship, that of a man and animal. In which George is the responsible one who looks out for Lennie. The parallels between Lennie and George’s relationship and the relationship that their workmate, Candy had with his dog reaffirm the power dynamic between George and Lennie. In the novella, Candy must kill his dog because it is old and weak. Candy felt such extreme regret when it came time to kill his dog, that instead of doingShow MoreRelatedGeorge And Lennie Relationship Analysis801 Words   |  4 Pagesparent? George and Lennie’s relationship is similar to a parents and childs relationship. In the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, George and Lennie are working men during the Great Depression. Lennie is a little kid in a big man’s body, while George is a short-tempered man who looks after Lennie. Lennie has a mental disability which is why he needs George to help him survive. Due to George constantly helping Lennie, Lennie has become reliant on George. Lennie is dependent on George based onRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Of Mice And Men1009 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis Rough Draft Friendship and companionship play a big role in people s life and how they interact with others, and the world in general. How people build relationships is something that will stick with them for the rest of their lives. The less relationships that people build, the more lonely, and self-kept they become. Throughout the book Of Mice and Men, George, and Lennie are examples of the positive effects on building relationships, and Crooks is an example of the negativeRead MoreOf Mice and Men Literary Analysis1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Of Mice and Men is a novel about two men and their struggle to reach their dreams of owning their own ranch. George Milton and Lennie Small are best friends, who despite of all their extremely difference personalities, but still manage to work together, travel together and get rid of anything that gets in their way. The friendship between George and Lennie is prevalent throughout the book, but it is shown most explicitly in their plan to live on a farm togetherRead MoreAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. ThereRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men996 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Analysis on â€Å"Of Mice and Men† In 1992 Gary Sinise directed the tragic film â€Å"Of Mice and Men.† The story is about George Milton and Lennie Small, two friends who travel together in search of work. Though Lennie is very calm and harmless he isn’t very smart and is unaware of his strength, which leads him into trouble. A New York Times article describes him this way; â€Å"Lennie is a gentle giant of a man with the mental capacities of an 8-year-old. He loves to fondle soft things, like miceRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Character Analysis1742 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men: Character Analysis John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author wrote many novels including one of his most famous, Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men teaches many lessons about the nature of human existence. Each relationship grows throughout this short story and end with a dramatic experience. All of the characters, including Lennie, George, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of isolation, seclusion and loneliness. The authorRead MoreHow Steinbeck creates sympathy in Of Mice and Men1338 Words   |  6 Pagessympathise with their dilemmas and problems as the two being long-time companions with a strong relationship but also being a priority to George as he must look after Lennie seeing as he has a mental dis-order. George Milton Lennie Small being the two ranch workers who always find themselves fleeing from town to town, ranch to ranch; never being able to settle down they find themselves moving up northwest after Lennie gets himself into a bit of trouble back in their previous location Weed. As of after heRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 PagesSteinbeck uses Crooks’ situation to symbolize loneliness as he lived in isolation from the white men on the ranch. The first interaction he experienced was when Lennie saw the light on in Crooks’ room and the reader was exposed to the idea of racial prejudice in California during the 30’s. . Crooks bri ngs up the idea of George not coming back to Lennie and right before things were to get out of hand, Crooks confesses â€Å"I was talkin’ about myself. A guy sets alone out here at night, †¦ sometimes he gets thinkin’Read MoreOf Mice And Men By Lora Colon1750 Words   |  7 PagesJunna Chen Peterson Honors English 25 September 2015 Of Mice and Men Analysis â€Å"But, I m already resigned to this fate / Looking over my life, I recall / If it hadn t been / for the loneliness / I d have no companion at all. † This stanza from â€Å"Loneliness†, by Lora Colon evokes the negative impact a lonely fate has on a person. Words like â€Å"resigned† and â€Å"loneliness† establish a sense of depression and resignation. During the times of the Great Depression, many people felt similar feelings of melancholy

Why Does South Africa Have Three Capital Cities

The Republic of South Africa does not have a single capital city. Instead, it is one of a few countries in the world that divides its governmental powers among three of its major cities: Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein. The Many Capitals of South Africa South Africas three capital cities are  strategically placed throughout the country, each hosting a separate segment of the nations government.  When asked about a single capital, most people would point to Pretoria. Pretoria is the administrative capital. It is home to the executive branch of the South African government, including the President of the Cabinet. The city also hosts many departments of government and foreign embassies.Located in the province of Gauteng, Pretoria is in the northeast part of South Africa and near the city of Johannesburg.Cape Town is the legislative capital.  It is home to the countrys legislative parliament, including the National Assembly and National Council of Provinces.Located in the southwest corner of South Africa in the province of Western Cape, Cape Town is the second largest city in population.Bloemfontein is considered the judicial  capital. It is home to the Supreme Court of Appeal, the second highest court in South Africa. The Constitutional Court (the highest court)  is located in Johannesburg.Located in the province of Free State, Bloemfontein is in the center of South Africa.   In addition to these three capitals on the national level, the country is divided into nine provinces, each with their own capital city. Eastern Cape: capital BhishoFree State: BloemfonteinGauteng: JohannesburgKwaZulu-Natal: PietermaritzburgLimpopo - PolokwaneMpumalanga: NelspruitNorthern Cape: KimberleyNorth West: Mahikeng (formerly Mafeking)Western Cape: Cape Town Map of South Africa. pop_jop/Getty Images When looking at a map of the country, you will also notice Lesotho in the middle of South Africa. This is not a province, but an independent country formally called the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is often referred to as an enclave of South Africa because it is surrounded by the larger nation. Why Does South Africa Have Three Capitals? The reason South Africa has three capitals is in part the result of its political and cultural struggles as a result of the influence of Victorian-era colonialism. Apartheid—an extreme version of segregation—is only one of the many issues the country faced since the 20th century. In 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed, there was a  great dispute about the location of the new countrys capital city. A compromise was reached to spread a balance of power throughout the country and this led to the current capital cities. There is a  logic behind choosing these three cities: Both Bloemfontein and Pretoria were capital cities of one of the traditional Boer provinces prior to the Union of South Africa. Bloemfontein was the capital of the Orange Free State (now Free State) and Pretoria was the capital of Transvaal. There were four traditional provinces in total; Natal and Cape of Good Hope were the other two.Bloemfontein is located in the center of South Africa, so it is logical to place the judicial branch of government in this location.Pretoria had long been the home to foreign embassies and governmental departments. Its location near the countrys largest city of Johannesburg also makes it a convenient location.Cape Town had been host to a parliament since colonial days. Sources and Further Reading Clark, Nancy L. and William H. Worger. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London: Routledge, 2011.  Ross, Robert. A Concise History of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People Free Essays

An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People You spot them immediately. They’re gathered around the swing set Eke moths to an open flame; not talking, Just looking down at what’s In their small hands. There’s around four of them, appearing to be first graders or so, testing away twice as fast as you ever could, completely oblivious to everything around them. We will write a custom essay sample on An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pausing for a second, you stop to wonder, â€Å"Whatever happened to actually using the swing set? † Technology is like a fine wine; as it matures and ages, it becomes better and better, making it appeal to large crowds of people. Yet what happens If one has too much wine? They become drunk. Just like an alcoholic, the next generation appears as if they are addicted to this modern technology, and that is not be such a good thing as people think It Is. The kids seem to be gradually losing one of the most delicate and treasured things on this planet: human Interaction. For example, let me pose a simple question, when was the last time you have a game night with your family, or any other time that was solely devoted to your nearest and dearest? Some will answer years while others, mere days. Twenty-first century based females tend to go to their own sections of the house with an electronic of their choice, whether that may be a Kindle, phone, Pod, Tablet, you name it, instead of hanging out with their family. Young children observe this and brand It as the norm. Well, why shouldn’t they? Aren’t we the ones at blame for this? The ones they look to in order to know how to interact, to act with others? Look at the older population, the elderly, in your community; they will smile at you through car windows while parked at red lights or ask you how you’re doing while o’er both standing In the grocery line at your local supermarket. Sadly, this seems to be a rare thing to stumble across these days in all of us young people. Back when I was a kid, If I wanted to play a game I would go find my brother and we would have to make one up ourselves. That’s right; we had to use our imaginations, just like our dear friend Sponge taught us to. But now, with Inventions such as the Leaped and Manitoba, instead of making up their own games, children have the ability to download over three hundred and twenty-five APS with a push of a button. Along with these APS, as if they weren’t already enough, the youngsters can record videos, take pictures with the two cameras available, listen to music, and access an internet made just for them. At their age, I had sidewalk chalk and a stinking Jump rope for crying out loud. Yet why would they choose such simple, ordinary things when they have hours of guaranteed entertainment right at their little fingertips, within those many APS? Snatching away. Ah yes, now I’ve remembered. You know all those outdoor toy commercials that make kids want to explore the great outside? Me neither. Outside: The brilliant archenemy of the indoors. It’s a place to be loud, rambunctious, and least of all quiet. In a nutshell, it’s a child’s heaven on Earth, or should be. But instead of actually going outdoors to play, kids tend to stay inside claiming it’s too hot, too cold, too windy, too†¦ Too anything really. So instead they sit on the couch watching mindless television shows while withering away into nothing more or less than lazy, couch potatoes. If the patterns keep up we may eventually all turn into mild forms of the characters in the beloved movie Wall-E: grotesquely fat, genealogy obsessed humans, who don’t know how to live without an electronic in one hand and a remote in another. This sickens and saddens me all at once. Now, am I declaring that all technology is bad and it should be banished from Earth never to be spoken of or seen again? That we should Just absentmindedly convert back to the ways our ancestors and live without modern conveniences? Of course I’m not! I’m merely asking you to take a step back and look at how much technology you use on a daily basis, even if it’s Just making a call on your cell phone r turning on the TV to unwind after a long day at work. I simply don’t want a world where the next generation becomes engulfed and overwhelmed by the sheer amount of technology being shoved down their throats as soon as they are able to walk and talk. The relationships we construct with others should be cherished and preserved by interacting with each other face-to-face every rather than Just testing each other. I’m asking you to get off the couch and be social. Go to Struck with a few friends, go shopping with them, or maybe even volunteer and meet new people. Find the balance in your life; don’t let technology control it. The same goes for your children, sure you can give them a Nintendo or a Tablet, but remember to shoo them outside every once in a while to play. A child’s imagination or anyone’s really, can’t be replaced with APS and computers, it’s Just impossible. They can be compressed, though, if they don’t have a chance to grow. A close friend once told me, â€Å"We are living in the era of smart phones and dumb people,† and if you think about it enough, we are. We really, truly are. How to cite An Era of Smart Phones and Dumb People, Papers

Foreshadowing And Flashback Essay Example For Students

Foreshadowing And Flashback Essay Two Writing Techniques That Make Fitzgerald A Great Writer by Jonathan Werne Suppose you met somebody just as careless as yourself. I hope I never will, she answered. I hate careless people. Thats why I like you. (Fitzgerald, pg. 63) Jordan is explaining to Nick how she is able to drive badly as long as everyone else drives carefully. This quote represents the writing technique of foreshadowing, which is being used in one of its finest form. Fitzgerald is foreshadowing to chapter seven where Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson because of her reckless driving. Fitzgerald uses foreshadowing to strengthen the plot of his book. In chapter nine, Nick begins to recall the past and relive his old memories. His must relieve his lingering thoughts of the past. During the chapter, Nick uses a flashback to tell about Gatsbys funeral for the readers to know what happen the day Gatsby was shot. Flashback in The Great Gatsby also helps to give the reader background information about the characters. In The Great Gatsby, the structure of the novel is influenced by foreshadowing and flashback. Fitzgerald utilizes foreshadowing to the best of its ability to help organize the novel. Luckily the clock took this moment to tilt dangerously at the pressure of his head, whereupon he turned and caught it with trembling fingers and set it back in place. Im sorry about the clock, he said. Its an old clock, I told him idiotically. (Fitzgerald, pg. 92) This quote is the first use of foreshadowing which is in chapter five. It pertains to all of the trouble Gatsby causes as he tries to win Daisy back. The past is represented by the clock and how Gatsby wants to repeat it with Daisy. (Eble, pg. 963) This quote foreshadows to the end of the novel when Nick is left to tell the story of the dreamer whose dreams were corrupted. (Eble, pg. 963) they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. (Fitzgerald, pg. 188) In chapter six, Fitzgerald focuses on the first moment of disillusionment which Gatsby has. (Magill, pg. 90) Cant repeat the past? he cried incredulously. Why of course you can! (Fitzgerald, pg. 116) This quote is clearly foreshadowing almost the entire book. It foreshadows Gatsbys attempts to woe Daisy for Tom and tries to make things the way they were before he left for the army . It also alludes to the fact that he must be rich and powerful to do that. Overall, it shows that he destroys himself trying to get Daisy back from Tom Buchanan. In the beginning of chapter eight Fitzgerald foreshadows the death of Gatsby. I couldnt sleep all night; a fog-horn was groaning incessantly on the Sound, and I tossed half sick between grotesque reality and savage frightening dreams. I heard a taxi go up Gatsbys drive and immediately I jumped out of bed and began to dress- I felt that I had something to tell him, something to warn him about and morning would be too late.(Fitzgerald, pg.154) This quote definitely foreshadows the death of Gatsby. Fitzgerald also foreshadows Wilsons involvement when his wife died. He murdered her. It was an accident, George. Wilson shook his head. His eyes narrowed and his mouth widened slightly with the ghost of superior Hm! (Fitzgerald, pg. 166) This quote clearly tells the readers that George is not going to let the person who he thinks killed his wife get away with it. Foreshadowing is sparingly displayed though out the novel and especially in the last chapters. .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .postImageUrl , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:hover , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:visited , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:active { border:0!important; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:active , .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00 .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06a0f290096ef2b3ff6fdfa3520b5b00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Relevant Theories About Reward Management Commerce EssayFlashback is used quite often in The Great Gatsby. Jordan begins to remember when she met Gatsby with Daisy for the first time and how they were in love. One October day in nineteen- seventeen..The largest of the banners and the largest of the lawns belonged to Daisy Fays house. She was just eighteen.His name was Jay Gatsby and I didnt lay eyes on him again for over four years. (Fitzgerald, pg. 80) As the reader can clearly see, Jordan begins to narrate about the first and last time that she saw Gatsby with Daisy which was four years ago. In chapter eight, Nick flashes back to the night of Myrtles death and begins to tell the story of what went on after her death. Now I want to go back a little and tell what happened at the garage after we left there the night before. (Fitzgerald, pg. 163) Nick tells the reader about how Wilson thought he had figured out who had killed his wife. Nick follows step by step as he walks all the way to Tom Buchanans. Nick then describes Wilson killing Gatsby in the pool and then Wilson killing himself. In chapter nine, another flashback is told by Nick. Nick recalls the night of Gatsbys death, and the next day, when all the policemen were at Gatsbys house. After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day, only as an endless drill of police and photographers and newspaper men in and out of Gatsbys front door. (Fitzgerald, pg.171) Nick then proceeds into another flashback where he is trying to get people to come to Gatsbys funeral. During this flashback Nick finally meets Gatsbys father, Mr. Gatz, who came to his sons funeral.Next mo rning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train. When the butler brought back Wolfshiems answer I began to have a feeling of defiance..The third day that a telegram signed Henry C. Gatz arrived from a town in MinnesotaIt was Gatsbys father. (Fitzgerald, pg. 175) In the last sentence of the novel the reader realizes the story is being told as seen through the eyes of a Dutch sailor which transports the reader into the past. (Magill, pg. 91) Boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (Fitzgerald, pg. 189)As one can see, the book came to life through the use of flashback and foreshadowing. These two main ingredients in this novel made it possible for the reader to be able to understand Gatsby the way Fitzgerald does. It also helps one to understand Gatsbys relentless pursuit of the American dream. These two elements of the novel were weaved into a great book that was read and ad ored by millions of readers and school students. Works CitedEble, Kenneth. F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1963Magill, Frank N. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1983.953-967. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon ; Schuster. 1925.

GCA AP English Vocab Abstract Zeugma Flashcard

GCA AP English Vocab Abstract Zeugma

The Jacksonian Era and the Emergence of the Common Man essays

The Jacksonian Era and the Emergence of the Common Man essays The Jacksonian era in American history dating back to the 1820 ¡Ã‚ ¯s and 30 ¡Ã‚ ¯s was a time of radical change and reform with revolutionary liberating effects. Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s philosophy that public officials served all men not a particular group caught wildfire throughout the nation. Men ¡Ã‚ ¯s total suffrage came of age in Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s term and also sentiments of women ¡Ã‚ ¯s suffrage were enlivened, not to mention the emergence of the common man in political society. These changes and ideals brought freedom and equality unknown to any other nation throughout history. .Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s presentation of political reform became obvious in his decision to reduce the restrictions for voting and for the changes in requirements for running for political office. In Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s annual message he stated,  ¡Ã‚ °no one man has any more intrinsic right to official station than another (Doc. A). This new idea of equality that empowered the common man gave the presidential elections a huge boost in voter participation. In the 1824 election a mere 356,000 men voted but in a few short years after Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s political philosophy and actions were settled over 1,200,000 men voted in the election (Doc. B). Suddenly as we say now voting became the  ¡Ã‚ °cool ¡ thing to do and in the 1840 election approximately 80 percent of the eligible voters participated in the election (Doc. D). This emergence of popularity at the voting box was due to two main reasons. One reason had to do with the states catching on to Jackson ¡Ã‚ ¯s philosophy quickly a nd conforming their own constitutions to fit it. For example, the Ohio constitution stated that,  ¡Ã‚ ° all white males above 21 years of age having lived in state for over a year and having paid taxes were eligible to vote. (Doc. G) ¡ In the past voting requirements included restrictions such as one ¡Ã‚ ¯s literacy, one ¡Ã‚ ¯s membership in the church, and the mandatory ownership of property. Another astoun...

Quality Assessment Plan for Teachers Coursework

Quality Assessment Plan for Teachers - Coursework Example This assessment plan has been designed to give relevant, measurable and consistent results under any circumstances. We take as a point of departure the requirement for each teacher who attends this training course to then, when teaching students him- or herself, to positively influence the chances of each student to gain employment. Employers of these students may be companies providing this IT services to other customers, or companies requiring this kind of competence for their own internal needs. As such, employers will typically look for practical ability and knowledge in this domain, motivation to use and apply that ability and related work experience where possible. The trainee teachers will therefore be assessed on their demonstrable ability to teach students to this level and to provide a motivating environment for the student to succeed. The assessment plan that is applied to the teachers measures what is measurable: the practical teaching ability and the assimilation of teac hing knowledge.For their students to succeed both in the IT curriculum and in the process of gaining employment, teachers will need to instill in them demonstrable competence. This in turn means that the teacher will need to show practical competence in the teaching methods. Theoretical knowledge of teaching methods will not be enough. Therefore a significant part of the training and consequently the assessment is competency-based. However, assimilated knowledge must also be taken into account when it demonstrates the teacher's aptitude.... he practical assessments will take place individually in the classroom itself as well as in rooms adjacent to the classroom to allow sufficient privacy for each trainee teacher and avoid the risk of collusion. Each teacher will answer the questions in the assessment on his or her own, and the grades will be calculated for each individual from the answers given. The correctness of the answers will be measured by the accuracy of the written result or by the demonstration of appropriate teaching behavior when doing the practical exercises. Course objectives: demonstrate broad understanding of teaching principles demo understanding of class dynamics demo understanding of learning motivation particularly in unemployment context demo understanding of continual assessment / orientation of students demo understanding of linking student learning to improved job prospects demo understanding of identifying learning problems and solving them demo workshop leadership for students to apply their learning demo ability to grade and assess students final performance Appendix 1 shows the relationship between the course objectives and the assessment Appendix 2 gives a representative sample of the assessment methods to be used. It may be noted as well that these assessment methods are available for immediate use by any person teaching the teachers on this course. Their application is specified in each case: for example, how to use the multiple choice questionnaires, which steps to accomplish in the practical exercise and what results are to be noted by the trainee teacher. Instructions have also been produced to allow any assessor or official examiner to apply these assessment methods. They require no specific knowledge on the part of the examiner (for the case where the person

Chapter 5 PhD Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Chapter 5 PhD - Literature review Example The robustness of the mathematical model presented before needs to be verified theoretically to ascertain the validity and reliability under various performance regimes. This chapter will look critically at the mathematical model presented before using sensitivity analysis methods that will target the various inputs to the mathematical model. The contention behind the sensitivity analysis is to vary inputs to the mathematical model as a means of measuring the change in the overall output. This would provide for the amount of variation that could occur in the output of the mathematical model in case that erroneous inputs are received. Firstly, a sensitivity analysis is carried out where perturbations are added to the input data (i.e. velocity, acceleration, and throttle position), and consumption is calculated during a drive cycle using the perturbed data. Then, artificial drive cycles are created, and fuel consumption is measured and calculated during the same drive cycle. In the artificial drive cycles, high and low velocities and accelerations are involved in order to study the limits until the mathematical relationship between fuel consumption and drive cycle parameters can be used. Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity analysis is carried out in order to determine how any form of uncertainty in the output of a provided mathematical model could be traced back to the various inputs that are being provided. The apportionment of output uncertainty to input uncertainties in their respective contribution levels allows improvements on the mathematical model for bringing about greater reliability and validity (Saltelli et al., 2008). A sensitivity analysis may be performed for a number of reasons. Primarily, sensitivity analysis allows the determination of model robustness when faced with uncertainty in the inputs (Becker et al., 2011). In addition, sensitivity analysis allows gaining a deeper understanding of how various inputs are tied to the final output. As

Community Language Learning

Community Language Learning Community language learning (CLL) is a type of language learning approach. The founder for CLL methodology was Charles Curran, an American Jesuit priest who was working as the Counseling Learning. CLL play a fundamental role for students who are learning English as their second language. It is an example of an innovative model that takes the importance of learning process into consideration. Learning new languages might be challenging for students who are not familiar with the language as they will face difficulty in understanding the language that they are learning. Some of the learners will feel nervous when they are talking using other languages. They might feel that they are embarrassing themselves when they are communicating with the native speakers. So, Curran was best known for his extensive studies on adult learning. He had addressed some issues on affective domain that are related to adult learners when they are learning new languages. Technique that is applied in CLL method is that teachers act as the language counselor or translator during language learning, while the students are the client in the learning process. During the discussion or lesson, students sit in a circle while the teacher sits outside the circle. Sitting in the form of circle will give the students the sense ownership and feel included. The circle helps to build community. It provides a non-competitive, a sense of involvement and a sense of equality atmosphere for the students. Students will feel even more comfortable with their peers and this will make them try to use the language . When the class starts, everyone is encouraged to know each other well. This will create a warm and close class identity. Students will listen clearly when other students are talking. They will enjoy the chance to be imaginative and can direct their answers quickly when they are sitting in the form of a circle. This is because when they are sitting together, student s can see each other faces clearly, have eye contact and hear each other well. They will feel secure and safe to speak out their thoughts and can have debates and discussions among themselves. Interpersonal relationship among students and teachers are very important. Teachers need to treat the students fairly so that students will lower their defensive behavior and will start communicating interpersonally. Students will feel free to talk about their experiences or introduce themselves using their mother tongue. Teachers have to listen carefully to the students conversation and translate the conversation into English. Then, students will follow and imitate teachers pronunciation and sentence structures again during the discussion. Students will then repeat what have been said by the teachers in front of the class. So, in order to make the learning process easier, students should ensure that they make simple and short phrases around five to six words when they are talking in their mother tongue. So, maybe the teachers can control or stop the students from talking too long. This is because when teachers translate it in English, it will be easy for the students to understand a nd imitate the pronunciation and sentences easily. When it is the students turn to speak in target language directly to the group, teachers can correct students grammatical error and mispronunciation. But teachers must make sure that they are not over doing it. Even though the teachers are not taking part or involve in the discussion, they still play an important role in the learning process. Teachers should not always correct the students pronunciation as this will discourage them to continue learning and affect the students interest in learning. It will also lead to frustration. The teacher should not control the conversation in CLL, but let students talk whatever they wishes (Rardin et al., 1988). What was important is that teacher should ensure that their students are generally able to speak in a way that is easy for others to understand and not necessarily like a native speaker. Scaffolding can be provided for the students if students are still unable to pronounce or speak correctly. Set up a personal tutorial for the selected students by providing them extra classes and teach them again the proper usage of English will eventually help them. Their learning progress may be very slow, but teachers concerned and mutual trust will help the m to master the language slowly. Mutual trust between the teachers and the students should be maintained throughout the discussion. Students will feel more comfortable when they are sharing their opinions and thoughts. This will eventually motivate students to learn new languages and boost their confident when speaking in front the group. In a non-defensive relationship learners are able to engage with and personalize the material (Rardin, Tranel, Tirone and Green, 1988). This method is not really relevant in a Malaysian classroom. Malaysia is a multiracial country that consists of Malay, Chinese, Indian and others. Everyone is put under the same education system, where all races are studying in the same class. When students are studying in the class, they still prefer to use language that they feel more comfortable and familiar to communicate with others. Because of this, there will be some language differences between students. Everyone in the class uses different mother tongue and prefer to use language that they feel more comfortable and familiar with when communicating with others. That is why CLL is not really applicable in Malaysian classrooms that consist of multiracial students. In CLL teaching approaches, most of the communication and talking are in mother tongue. Students from different races will face difficulty in understanding their friends conversation and this will actually lead to some confusion in students. During the discussion, stu dents initiative to communicate will be less. This is because they will feel left out or awkward to speak with their mother tongue where most of their friends cannot understand. Teachers will also have to realize that their students come from various backgrounds and will face many problems when learning new languages. For example, students who are learning English as their second language, while their mother tongue is Mandarin. Mandarin grammar is much simpler if compared to English. Students will face difficulty in learning English because Mandarin has little or no bound morphology and there are no grammatical paradigms to memorize. Each word has a fixed and single form and verbs do not take prefixes or suffixes showing the tense or the person. However it is different for English. When teaching in English classes, CLL approach is not applicable also. Teachers who want to apply this approach in classroom need to have strong understanding of languages where they are able to explain and differentiate the uses and function of certain languages. Translation from mother tongue to target language is not easy for teachers because they need to concern about the comp licated grammar rules and sentence structures of the language. When the teachers are translating to the target language, they need to make sure that the sentence structures are following the grammar rules and arrangement of sentence structure of the target language. Clear explanation must be made by teachers so that students can understand how sentences are formed. They must be able to explain and give examples to students that not every sentence can be translated directly to the target language. That is why teachers must have strong understanding of every function of different languages. The Grammar Translation Method (GTL) is another method that can be used by teachers when teaching second language learners. This method was introduced in the 19th century, when moves were made to bring foreign- language learning into school curriculum. Furthermore, grammar translation method emerged when people from the western world wanted to learn Latin and Greek. It focuses on grammatical rules, memorization of vocabulary, translation of text and doing excises. Students were given explanation using their mother tongues language. There are some limitations for the Grammar Translation method. One of the reasons is that the class is conducted using mother tongue, with little use of the target language. Because of this, students prefer to communicate using mother tongue as everyone in the class will understand what they are trying to convey. Unfortunately, this will not help students who are struggling to acquire speaking skills and will not help in developing and improving their proficiency in target language. Students will not be able to speak correctly using correct grammar rules and pronunciation because they cannot practice how to speak correctly using target language. Other than that, students will not have the initiative to communicate in using target language, some of them even feel shy and refuse to try to speak in target language because they are afraid to make mistakes when speaking with others. Vocabulary is also taught in the form of isolated words list. The students are taught about the literal meaning of the word, but they pay less attention to the way that it is used. For example, they only know the literal meaning of the word happy, but they do not know how to apply it correctly in sentences. They will construct her eyes shone with happy instead of her eyes shone with happiness. Even though they learn about the change in the form of the word according to the grammatical function in the sentence, however the application is less. Other than that, they also learn how to translate sentences from their mother tongue to target language. Even though this will help the students to master the basic knowledge of English such as basic vocabulary and grammar, however, the conditions of learning second language are different. Sometimes, certain language cannot be translated to other languages without considering grammar rules. For example, in Malay language Jangan main main, but wh en it is translated to English it will become you do not play play . The grammar rules and sentence structures are correct but it carries illogical meaning to the sentence. Furthermore, GTL is focuses on reading and writing. This is parallel to Malaysia curriculum specification which is also emphasizes on those skills. The curriculum specification outlines the communicative teaching approach to English based on the integration of the four main skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking (Malaysian Education Ministry, 1989). The curriculum specification in Malaysian schools is supposed to place emphasis on oral activities that would help students to use English language effectively in their daily communication and relate the language to the environment. However, in terms of implementation, the classroom situation is far from what is envisioned by the Ministry Classroom. Teaching often relies on reading comprehension, writing, grammar and vocabulary skills. Thus largely neglecting listening and speaking skills which are not given emphasize in the classroom (Pandian, 2002). Although GTL has its advantages, however there are some lacking elements in this method. Communicative competence are not really emphasizes in this method. This is because the teaching process is solely based on books only. Drilling the learners with continuous grammatical exercises especially at the primary school level is a norm in Malaysia classroom. Drilling exercise will help the learners to have deeper understanding of grammar rules writing so that they can correct their errors and will not repeat the same mistakes when writing. Even though the drilling exercises approach has some advantages in language teaching, it is however does not help the students to master the language in the long run. Often, students from the rural areas are not able to speak and write competently in English after they have graduated from high schools. According to (Maarof et al., 2003; David Govindasamy; 2005), ninety-four percent of students are unemployed after graduates in Malaysia due to their ins ufficient competency in English language, particularly in using English for oral business communication. GTM is relevant to Malaysia classroom for students who are learning English as their second language as it focuses on translation method. Translation from L1 to L2 is important in learning second language. This is because the students need to think in their mother tongue first before applying to their target language. According to the curriculum specifications, grammar is taught according to stages by stages. Students will learn from simple words to more complex words. First, it begins with a word list, teachers are supposed or required to translate the word list into students native language so that students can understand. This is because Malaysia school is divided into SK (Sekolah Kebangsaan), SJKC (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina), and SJKT(Sekolah Kebangsaan Tamil). This is applicable in Malaysia classroom because everyone in the class understands Malay language in SK school, Mandarin in SJKC and Tamil Language in SJKT. It will be easier for the teachers to translate words from native language to target language as all the students understand the same native language. This method also plays a fundamental role for the slow learners or learners who are trying to learn new languages. Teachers can translate words by words to them using their mother tongue so that can understand more. They will be able to acquire vocabulary and understand the meaning of words and phrases in context. Furthermore, they also can recognize certain words that can be applied in different context and situation. When students have strong understanding of the application of the meaning of words, they can slowly learn to construct simple sentence and then progress to the next level. However, if we look back to the history of GTM, GTM only teaches students how to memorize words and its meaning. But overall, grammar is still the main part in learning language. In primary school, the usage of textbooks, worksheets and exercise books is common in the learning process. When the pupils are reaching intermediate level, cassettes and video tapes are introduced to make the learning proce ss more interesting. However, these materials lack the capability to nurture oral communication skills due to the lack of interactivity (Faridah, 2004). In other words, many teachers are more interested in training students how to read and write well in addition to teaching students to master the grammar component of the language. In conclusion, every approach has its own strength and weaknesses. It depends on how teachers apply it in the learning and teaching process. In order to motivate students to improve their English, teachers need to understand how they actually learn and adopt more suitable approaches .

The Systematic Investigation Into A Study Of Materials Education Essay

How is the male primary school instructor perceived by male and female pupils? What are the factors act uponing the perceptual experiences of male pupils? What are the factors act uponing the perceptual experiences of female pupils? How make male primary instructors understand/respond to these perceptual experiences? Research can be loosely defined as ‘a signifier of systematic question that contributes to knowledge ‘ .[ 1 ]The Oxford Concise Dictionary defines research as: a. the systematic probe into and survey of stuffs, beginnings, etc. , in order to set up facts and make new decisions. b. an enterprise to detect new or collate old facts etc by the scientific survey of a topic or by a class of critical probe.[ 2 ] Peoples are non cognizant that they are an bizarre result of their development. That development came from their ability to joint their past cognition in any signifier of facts, experiences, premises for physical phenomena, beliefs and their capableness to update and better their former cognition and patterns. These are the grounds that mankind developed communicating accomplishments like literacy, linguistic communication, developed doctrine and invented engineering. ( Best and Kahn 2006: 3, 4 ) . Specifically, Best and Kahn ( 2006: 3, 4 ) maintain that educational research is the tool that instructors use to prove and better their personal patterns in instruction and happen which pattern fits best for them. A definition of educational research is provided by Anthony G. Picciano: ‘Educational research is a careful, systematic probe into any facet of instruction. From the Gallic word ‘recherche ‘ , which means to go through or study. ‘[ 3 ]Cohen and Manion ( 2001 ) province that educational research helps the instructors broaden their information cognition and understand their working environment.The research worker must besides place the most appropriate paradigm in the research literature in order to plan and put to death the enquiry efficaciously. The research worker should take his paradigm carefully in specifying the purposes and intents of his survey.Qualitative ResearchThe research worker had to take between two chief paradigms: either ‘logi cal positivism ‘ or ‘phenomenological enquiry ‘ ( Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) . Best and Kahn ( 2006: 79 ) argue that the logical-positivism paradigm is used for ‘experimental and quantitative research methods ‘ in instruction. Furthermore, Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 8 ) assert that the logical positivism paradigm expresses ‘the chief belief ‘ that the ‘meaning of a statement is, or is given by the method of its confirmation ‘ . The logical-positivism paradigm is a scientific method applicable for a survey concerned with bing and mensurable cognition, where the research worker is an ‘observer of the societal world ‘ . The results of an enquiry based on that paradigm can be compared with Torahs – like maxims ( Torahs ) that are constructed by natural scientific enquiries based on subjective generalisations and that use the same scientific methods as natural scientific disciplines to explicate the universe. The chief fea tures of this peculiar paradigm are analysis, measuring and subjectiveness ( Cohen et al. 2001: 8 ) . Therefore, the logical positivism paradigm is best applied in a quantitative analysis where the collected information is numerical. In contrast the phenomenological paradigm makes usage of ‘interpretive research methodological analysiss ‘ ( Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) . This paradigm is best applied to qualitative research methodological analysiss. Erickson ( 1985, cited in Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) instead uses the term ‘interpretative ‘ , which is ‘the whole household of attacks to participant experimental research ‘ . Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007: 25 ) clear up this by saying that in the ‘phenomenological manner ‘ , research workers try to understand occurrences in the mundane life of common people in particular fortunes: they try to happen out the people ‘s point of position and ‘gain an entry ‘ into their specific environment. The failing of positivism is its inability to look into human behavior successfully, as Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 9 ) underscore. Denscombe ( 2007 ) recommends the usage of the phenomenological paradigm to cover with this failing. Surveies utilizing the phenomenological paradigm by Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007: 25 ) ‘begin with silence ‘ , as the research worker seeks to detect the personal apprehensions of the participants, leting different cognition and assorted perceptual experiences to be given by different participants in the same peculiar state of affairs. With this paradigm a qualitative attack to roll uping and analyzing informations is most appropriate. Here qualitative informations consists chiefly of words instead than Numberss. Patton ( 1990, cited in Best and Kahn 2006: 247 ) asserts that qualitative research uses three ways of roll uping information: ‘in-depth, open-ended interviews, direct observation and written paperss ‘ . On the footing of these considerations I found that the phenomenological interpretive paradigm the most convenient for the intents of this small-scale empirical survey concentrating on pupils ‘ personal perceptual experiences of their male instructors. It will try to cast visible radiation on the thoughts, sentiments and beliefs pupils have sing their male instructors in a Cypriot primary school. Important decisions can be drawn from this survey like the importance of the male instructor in primary school and his existent function as a leader by gender. Therefore, the phenomenological interpretive paradigm was the one chosen for this enquiry.Qualitative attack – Case surveyMy research focuses on pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of male instructors in an anon. Greek-Cypriot primary school. The rational harmonizing to the literature points to the usage of a phenomenological interpretive paradigm, and the survey should be conducted in a qualitative research model. I wi ll utilize qualitative methodological analysis as my survey focuses on kids ‘s perceptual experiences, thoughts, ideas and feelings instead than their public presentation in school. Harmonizing to O'Brien there are five types of qualitative methodological analysis to take from: these are instance survey, grounded theory, phenomenology, descriptive anthropology and historical surveies.[ 4 ]In contrast Flick ( 2006 ) presents four qualitative research methodological analysiss: instance survey, longitudinal survey, comparing survey and eventually retrospective survey. However, this chapter does non mean to spread out and explicate the usage of these schemes as it would be outside the range of this survey. Alternatively, I would prefer to briefly explain and warrant my chosen methodological analysis. The chosen methodological analysis for this survey is ‘case survey ‘ . As Merriam ( 1998 ) , Yin ( 1989 ) and Stake ( 1994 ) ( cited in Bogdan and Biklen 2007: 59 ) explain, it is ‘a elaborate scrutiny of one scene, or a individual topic, a individual depositary of paperss, or one peculiar event ‘ conducted in existent action clip, enabling an analysis of the grounds for and the after-effects of the incident ( Cohen et al. 2001: 181 ) . Supporting the attack of Bogdan and Biklen, Bell ( 2005: 10 ) and Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 181 ) province that one of the strengths of the instance survey is that helps the research worker to cast light ‘in deepness ‘ on a specific facet of the job and allows for generalisation. It is a narrowed and focused research method with a individual model, such as a kid or group of kids, a category or a group of categories, an educational establishment ( Cohen et al. 2001: 181 ) . In my instance, the probe will take topographic point in a school. The intent of my research is to look into in deepness the perceptual experiences by a group of kids of their male instructors in a school environment. I shall carry on the enquiry in existent clip as I am determined to see the school during term clip and gather informations utilizing informations collection tools, such as interviews. Cohen et Al. ( 1984: 184 ) argue that instance surveies allow general regulations to be made from the survey of an ‘instance in action ‘ . In my sentiment, a instance survey would be the most appropriate signifier for my survey as it is ‘strong in world ‘ ( Cohen 2001 ) and will assist me to look into in deepness the existent perceptual experiences of a group of pupils in the mark school in Cyprus. As a non really experient research worker I feel a instance survey will be a really powerful tool appropriate either for new or experient research workers ( Bogdan and Biklen 2007 ) . More specifically Best and Kahn ( 2006: 259 ) argue that a instance survey is a good method of assemblage and showing informations in hunt of the existent truth, and of carry oning an probe which aims to show the existent ‘view ‘ of societal world, as I plan to make.The literature about the instance survey method I have cited makes me recognize that some of the definitions and accounts about its usage fit the range of my research in a precise mode. It is clear that ‘case survey ‘ is ideal as a methodological analysis to observe alone characteristics, which may non be possible to supervise or retain in ‘large-scale informations ‘ surveies, such as those utilizing studies or questionnaires and a non-participant method in general.The instance survey method besides demand s the engagement of the research worker and the sample.My survey examines a fact within the model of a school embodied in the Cypriot educational system. Therefore, its features to the full accord with the features of instance survey methodological analysis. The instance survey methodological analysis does hold some failings, nevertheless, that the research worker should be cognizant of. Because my probe is largely being conducted in existent clip there is non the option of reaching the sample once more to cross-check consequences. Therefore, the consequences of the research could be seen as ‘subjective and biased ‘ , given that the survey is qualitative ( Bell 2005: 11 ; Cohen et al. 2001: 184 ) . In add-on, research workers can be influenced by their ain beliefs and prejudice, so the consequences are influenced by subjectiveness. Although non much can be done to enable cross-checking, the research worker can seek to avoid deformation in the consequences. The research w orker should seek non to be influenced by his ain perceptual experiences and besides non uncover his ain sentiment and thoughts to avoid act uponing those in the sample and to promote them to state what they really think. Another restriction that the research worker should see concerns generalisation. Whilst the instance survey method permits this, it may non be possible as most of the clip the incident under probe is alone and drawn from the life itself ( Bell 2005: 1 ; Cohen et al. 2001: 184 ; Bassey 1999 ) . Denscombe ( 1998: 36-7 ) argues that ‘the extent to which findings from the instance survey can be generalized to other illustrations on the category depends on how far the instance survey illustration is similar to others of its type. ‘ However, the phenomenon I am look intoing is normally found in the literature and amongst academic research workers. It would be possible to reiterate an probe of this kind in the same school or in a different school environment. This should non be a job as Greek-Cypriot schools present uniformity in a figure of factors: pupil beginning and staff turnover and staff instruction. The topic is besides rather typical and, in world, non so alone. General ization in this instance is executable, whilst the consequences of this research can move as a pilot if another research worker wishes to carry on a similar survey. There have been several similar probes of instructors ‘ and pupils ‘ perceptual experiences in Cypriot primary schools. Examples can be found in the Library of the University of Cyprus, ( mentions ) . Research in primary schools has about been a manner in the past 20 old ages Despite the disadvantages, I believe that ‘case survey ‘ is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack utilizing the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to death the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the undermentioned subdivision.SampleI have chosen the sample harmonizing to the nature of my survey. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, the sample of the pupil population should non be chosen wholly indiscriminately. In quantitative research the sample is selected indiscriminately with the purpose of garnering informations from the surface of a large population. In a qualitative research model ‘sampling is a deliberate instead than haphazard method of choosing topics ‘ and is important if we want to carry on the research with samples that are more representative of the topic and fortunes ( Cohen et al. 2008 ; Best & A ; Kahn 2006: 25 ) . As this is a instance survey, it should be conducted in the school environmen I chose a primary school on the outskirts of the metropolis. Detailss of the school were non antecedently known to me. The school was chiefly chosen as a affair of convenience and practicality as it is the nearest primary school to the vicinity where my household lives. I was cognizant that some of my household members attended at that place ten old ages ago, but I knew nil else beyond this. I did non hold any personal information about the school besides because I have been abroad for more than eleven old ages. Therefore, I can claim non to be biased against the school. The school is administered by the Ministry of Education, as are most of the schools in Cyprus. All the primary schools in Cyprus are established to educate people of every country to a high criterion. That being said, the people and civilization from topographic point to topographic point can be different. Therefore, there is a scope of schools from those with a homogenous Greek-Cypriot individuality to those with kids whose immigrant backgrounds have small if anything in common with the state, set uping a new civilization which is comparatively unfamiliar to the native Cypriots. Teachers ‘ instruction in Cyprus is considered to be high and, even though instructors may be from different states and universities, their public presentation is purely assessed. Merely those who are qualified, effectual in the schoolroom and undergo uninterrupted appraisal are allowed to rehearse as instructors. As a consequence the chosen school was on a flat playing field with every other school in Cyprus. The sample participants were chosen indiscriminately harmonizing to age. Children that were 7 and 12 old ages old were chosen as an ideal sample. Four kids from the 2nd category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) and four kids from the last category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) were chosen. Two male childs and two misss were chosen from the 2nd category in order to look into the perceptual experiences of the youngest kids. The 2nd category ( twelvemonth 7 ) was preferred to the first category ( twelvemonth 6 ) as it is non possible for kids from the first category to hold any perceptual experiences about male instructors as they are fledglings to primary schooling. Four students from the 6th category, the concluding category of the primary instruction system ( twelvemonth 12 ) , were chosen in order to happen out the perceptual experiences of the older school kids. In order to accomplish cogency I sought the same proportion of male childs and misss ( 4 + 4 ) ( Bell 1999 ) . Four instruct ors participated in the survey: two male instructors and two female instructors. Their age or length of service was non so much an issue, although it was of import they were non fledglings. The male instructors were chosen in order to happen out how they thought they are perceived by their pupils. The female instructors were interviewed about how they think the pupils perceive their male instructors. Useful comparings could be drawn subsequently in the analysis. I had to obtain mandate from the disposal office of the country, the Director General of Education, Mrs Zena Pouli, and the blessing of the Ministry of Education. The principal of the school had to be informed about the yearss and times of the research and allow me carry on the research. Despite the disadvantages, I believe that ‘case survey ‘ is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack under the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to death the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the undermentioned subdivision.Data Collection ToolsMy informations will be gathered utilizing a qualitative attack and ( analysed/assessed ) harmonizing to the interpretive paradigm. The purpose of the research is to garner the thoughts, perceptual experiences and positions of the participants, both kids and instructors, so the usage of qualitative tools is indispensable. The chief research tools used in my survey are interview and observation. The usage of both interview and observation are the two of the three major methods for garnering informations. These three methods are ‘asking inquiries ( and listening intently to the replies ) , detecting events ( and observing carefully what happens ) and reading paperss ‘ ( Bassey 1999: 81 ) . Both methods were used together because they offered a agencies for cross-checking informations: what people say they think or do may non be the same as what they really do ( Robson 2002: 310, cited in Cohen et Al. 2007: 396 ) . By observation the research worker can look into if the thoughts and perceptual experiences of the sample are the same as what the sample studies in the interviews. Therefore, I argue that the usage of both tools helped me derive a better thought of what is go oning in pattern and topographic point actions the sample may non be cognizant of cited in ( Foster 1996 ) .ObservationObservation is one of the characteristic tools for garnering information in instance surveies. Case surveies aim to ‘observe ‘ an single unit, a group of people, an establishment or a larger group of people. Research by observation in a qualitative model is defined by Best and Kahn ( 2006: 264 ) and Basey ( 2005 ) as a digest of ‘detailed notation of behaviors, events, and the context environing the events and behaviours ‘ . Harmonizing to Cohen et Al ( 2007: 258 ) , the intent of observation is to ‘probe profoundly and to analyze intensively the many-sided phenomena that constitute the life rhythm of the unit with a position to set up generalisations about the wider populations ‘ . Cohen et Al. ( 2007: 396 ) further argue that observation gives the research worker a opportunity to roll up ‘live informations ‘ from reliable societal state of affairss. Therefore, it is preferred for the research worker to utilize this powerfull excessively to analyze events and collect the relevant information first-hand instead than from a secondary beginning. The research worker besides needs to choose the sort of the observation method to be used as they vary in footings of construction and the participatory function of the research worker. I opted for semi-structured, non-participant observation, as I did non mean to take portion in events. The semi-structured method was employed for this resea rch because some issues were still unfastened, despite the focal point of the research and look intoing factors being clear. The research worker had an thought of a figure of things that he wanted to detect, but he did non cognize what else to anticipate. Therefore, a semi-structured observation provided the research worker with the freedom to descry and enter inside informations that otherwise would hold been overlooked or omitted cited in Denscombre ( 2007 ) .New ChankAny observation research that has a sort of construction it is besides be scheduled cited in Bell ( 2006: 188 ) and Descombre ( 2007 ) . Denscombre ( 2007: 210 ) moreover argues that the research worker will happen the ‘certain things ‘ , seek and worth of inclusion for in his docket. The same author highlight the importance of the absence of subjectiveness in the observation where it is gained by the systematic scheduled observation. Thus it is cited that the ever limited clip can be arranged by the agenda and assist the research worker to remain focused on the issues that the observation is held for cited in Denscom ( 2007: 214 ) . The research worker besides intends to utilize the non-participant theoretical account as he plans non to take part as an perceiver. His purpose is to insulate the personal perceptual experiences of the pupils to their male instructors so there is non any topographic point of him as a participant which any effort of being take part could act upon the behaviour of the pupils and so bias the information, The research worker as Denscombe ( 2007: 214 ) suggests, purposes to do his present every bit discreet as possible. This will add to the cogency because the research worker will be more objectivite to the jadgement of any facts that they will happen as an 3rd individual instead as an participant. Whilst the research workers must hold in head that the thirster he stays in the schoolroom and being seeable, ‘the more their presence is taken for granted and the less they have any important consequence on continuing ‘ . Therefore it is of import that the perceiver should give so me clip to the schoolroom environment to acquire usage of his ‘discreet ‘ nowadays and after he is assure that he is recognized so he should get down the observation. In order to avoid any errors or skips the research worker programs to fly the observation and add to the agenda. To make more cogency the research worker programs to inquire the sentiment of his supervisor and one of the instructors. Besides he will demo the information to one of the instructors and the supervisor in order to look into them and state their sentiment on them.InterviewsTraveling farther the research worker had chosen the usage of the Interviews as a tool. Aiming to garner qualitative informations about percpeptions, emotions thoughts and analyse them interview as a tool seemed good plenty for the intents of this survey. The research worker must aware though that despite they do non look like something more than an preservation, they ‘involve a set of premises and apprehensions about the state of affairs which are non usually associated with a insouciant conversation ‘ able to bring forth usefull information for any enquiry, Denscombre ( 1983 ) , Silverman ( 1985 ) , ( cited in Denscobre ( 2007: 173 ) ) . Therefore despite interview is a sort of construction preservation there is besides a protocol that must be followed. There is common consent between the interviewee and the interviewer in an official meeting and the recording is non secret in any manner. Besides the informations are merely for the record and the schedulule. Thus the issues to be discussed are set by the research worker, Denscombe ( 2007:174 ) . Merely naming the usage of the Interview as a method is non plenty as there are different types of research Interview. Harmonizing to Denscombe ( 2007: 175 ) there are the constructions interviews the semistructured and Unstrructured interviews. Cohen ( 2007:355 ) besides add the non-directive interview and the focussed interview. In fact Cohen et Al ( 2007:352 ) argues that in the literature are mentioned many different types of interview! . The semistructured – interview, one-to one interview was selected as the purpose of this survey is to hold an indeapth thought of the perceptual experiences of the pupils but in a research model. Despite that the research worker has a clear que of inquiries to be answered in the semistryctured interview will be ready to allow the samples expand their thoughts where is appropriate. The one-to one interview, the most common of the variaties of semi-structured interviews, was selected as it is easy to put, control and garner the informations as each clip is merely one individual to interviewee. Descambe ( 2007:177 ) Unstructured interview was avoided as an option as it require clip and the technique was looked irregular as it dictate the expand of an issue from the sample without any counsel at all! ! Structured interview as a method besides rejected as it does n't roll up the autonomy to the sample to state any of his thoughts. It is tide and the samples have to reply inquiries that the replies are limited. Descambe ( 2007: 175 ) . Therefore it is non appropriate at all as the research aims to garner reliable perceptual experiences instead than allow the participants to reply inquiries with preschelued limited options. I will state what I did subsequently what I did in the research.New Chank 2Datas Analysis‘There is no individual or right manner to analyse and show the information ; how one does it should stay by the issue of fittingness to aim ‘ ( Cohen et al 2007:461 ) . The qualitative informations analysis may be ‘detailed and rich ‘ though the process is really heavy and painfull due to the multiple readings that the research worker should do to bring forth his analysis, doing this process the research workers ‘glory ‘ and besides ‘headache ‘ together, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007:461 ) . The research worker will categorise the informations from interview written texts and notes along with the issues that he is look intoing. Then the research worker programs to interpet the information with the literature reappraisal findings. Ethical Issues: Ethical issues are compiled in this research survey as and in all the enquiries. The survey was applied from blessing from the Ministry of Eduacation of the state and the General Director of the Education. Along the principal had to be informed about the research and take his blessing excessively. The parents should besides be informed about the research as the mark of the research is to interview and observe kids. The sample of the instructors should besides hold to take part. One of the most of import issues is to allow the privateness of the participants for grounds of ages or by their petition. This issue it can be addressed by namelessness and confidentiality, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007: 64,65 ) . The individuality of the participants is unbroken hidden as the reference and the name of the school. Though the samples have non objection to give their existent informations to the section of Education to the University of Leicester as long that they will non print. Refering that th e research worker has to cover with kids particular manner of attack should be study particularly when they are interviewed.

Criminal Justice System Essay

The duties of the police are: enforcing the law, investigating crimes, and apprehending the offenders. They are also responsible for crime prevention and reduction, maintaining order in the public, and ensuring that their communities are kept safe. They are often called upon to assist in emergency situations as well as provide community service. Once the division of police has done its part, everything is turned over to the court system. The court system is now responsible for overseeing the trials and keeping them fair and impartial. The criminal cases are decided in the courts and are given due process. The ultimate responsibility of the court is to determine whether the accused is innocent or guilty of the accusations imposed. Once that verdict has been determined, the court must uphold the law with fairness while protecting the rights of the accused. The division of corrections is responsible for carrying out the sentences that are handed down by the courts. Inside of the correction facilities, the offenders must be provided with a safe and humane environment. This division must provide rehabilitation and reformation so that the convicted can be reintegrated back into society. While in corrections’ custody, the human and legal rights of the convicted must always be respected. The criminal justice process is as follows: Investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trial, sentencing and corrections. During the investigation and arrest, a warrant is issued by a judicial officer and the local authorities conduct the arrest and booking into the jail. Next comes the pretrial activities, which includes the first appearance, preliminary hearing, indictment

Spin-off companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2288 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Entrepreneurship and Innovation in spin-off companies Introduction The materialization of todays entrepreneurial universities is associated with the perceived increase on importance of skills/knowledge in regional and national innovation systems, as well as the belief that university is an instrument for creative innovation and technology and knowledge transfer. Modern universities have a paramount role in adding value to the USOs (University Spin-outs) in a bid to realize entrepreneur cultural among academia. There is dire need to involve greater participation as well as entrepreneur training among students focused in academic research commercialization (Etzkowitz et al, 2000). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Spin-off companies" essay for you Create order Required funding as well as intensive research culture among Universities has worked out to build young entrepreneurs across U.S, Europe and UK. Driven by the quest for meeting market technological as well as innovation need, Universities have some resource endowed universities have concentrated in creating entrepreneurship opportunity through research-based activities. In order to realize effective entrepreneurship culture, early intervention in the growth and development stages of spin-offs would act to alter the attitude associated with modern university capacity in building techno-entrepreneurs. University practitioners have a duty in developing vital technology skills in assisting students comprehend market trends and after-sought commercial proposition in order to be informed entrepreneurs. Involvement of universities in developing spin-offs Entrepreneurship is founded on the education capability and the industrial related competence that the entrepreneur posses through higher education training. These two basic blocks are developed in institutions of higher learning, usually the universities. University academia creates university spin-off companies. Spin-offs companies may be described as the new; initially minute and technology/knowledge intensive ventures whose intellectual capital and subsequent involvement is traced from research work in a university or a public research institution (Vohora et al, 2003). The researches subsequently running such companies could be continuing students or those who just quit. Any company requires a productive base and/or a commercial base for its operations. Productive base includes all companys physical amenities while commercial base provides the legal and marketing competence that support partnerships and collaborations. As entrepreneurs, university academia need a variety of resources that depend on the entrepreneurial activity selected as well as the already accumulated resources, including experience, contacts and the prior knowledge. These resources determine the manner in which the spin-offs reach their market with the innovations (Leydesdorff Etzkowitz, 2000). Some Universities and research institutions usually miss out in preparing entrepreneurs as compared to other community institutions. Indeed, there is disparity across these institutions in the quality, strength and quantity of spin-offs they produce. Most scientists and academia at large lack in the business background as well as the investment capital necessary to cater for expenditure incurred in the lengthy enterprise development. The disconnect between innovation and target market The academia seems detached with the target market though rich in innovativeness. For them, their niche market is the provision of consultancy or research services. Such an undertaking is close to scientific-entrepreneur work in academic and is unlikely to have a base on patents or to significantly demand technology development. In contrast, a production base requires capital investment which is lacking in the scientists experience. A research on Cambridge University and its research centers spin-offs based in high-tech firms showed a decreasing trend in the number of founders of such companies from a twenty five percent in 1985 to seventeen percent in barely fifteen years. Following this alarming research findings, the academic staff were to have outside involvements as long as such commitments were geared towards advancement of the teaching, research and scholarship of the university. The commitments undertaken included business creation and private consultancy. The university never provided entrepreneurship support but its Laissez fair orientation to technology transfer coupled with the lack of formal policy allowed academic investors to take their technologies into the market. The university would then possess the intellectual property rights (IPR), share loyalties when such innovations were diffused into the market. Cambridge University went ahead to take equity stake in the spin-off companies. The intentional avoidance of a deliberate structured policy that would govern the university with industry did create a favourable environment that was perceived as flexible and lacking in bureaucracy. Industrial links prospered and there was a spontaneous creativity of research. The alarming trend changed such that for the past twenty years, spin-offs from Cambridge University increased indicating improvement of the entrepreneurship environment. The approach differed from other universities in many European countries that regulated involvement of scientists wi th outside work in efforts to avoid conflicts of interests that would arise and to ensure total commitment to core activities (De Coster Butler, 2005). Engagement with the industry and participation in entrepreneurial activities develops the relevant experience and knowledge in academic investors and as such an improvement of perception of opportunities. The participation also clarifies resource configuration strategies in pursuance of newly or refined perceived opportunities. Targeting of the niche market is therefore indispensable in capturing returns. This is only possible if the academia engages in practical business practices within the target market (Druilhe Garnsey, 2004). Accounts for universitys spin-off differences The cross university differences being experienced in production of entrepreneurs can be attributed to poor practices that some universities ascribe to. First, although such universities posses well developed technologies there little or even no intensive reach undertakings to underpin market as well as entrepreneur commercialization need. There is a lack of commercial expertise within such universities to overcome the deficiencies so as to develop fundable opportunities. Second, such universities do restrict networks amongst academia that would necessitate availability of finances. Third, the entrepreneur students are taught to attune to the challenges in accessing resources, their acquisition as well as the coordination of the allocation of such resources (Vohora et al, 2003). This kind of training is wanting in hands-on experience on the industrial trends as well as the target market. As a result, the academia in such institutions possess significant technology expertise but hol d inadequate knowledge in serving markets and has unrealistic expectations of returns that could possibly accrue from their discovered technologies. The said universities also fail to allocate sufficient resources towards entrepreneurial activities in addition to failing to develop deep networks of external factors such as financiers and surrogate entrepreneurs as well as the industry at large. The policies and guidelines for relating with such external relationships have been neglected. Moreover, these institutions expose their potential entrepreneurs to extended years of scientific know-how but offer little training in entrepreneurship and business. Basically this approach aims at creating entrepreneurship competency level, which is usually lowly rated entrepreneurship factors. This results to learners being restricted to the university environment instead of presenting them to the customers so that the process of marketing would kick off (Druilhe Garnsey, 2004). The differ ence that arises in the universities and research institutions spin-offs can be attributed to four factors. First, the Perceived protection on Intellectual property right on special design or artistic works. Universities that properly integrate commercialization and academia emphasize on protecting the competitive advantage by their spin-offs. The emphasis can be attributed to universitys need to protect its intellectual property (Ko Smith, 2006). Such a property is rewarded with equity stake in the formed company. Second, the employment of professionals in the spin-offs determines the strength of the spin-offs. There is dire need to have an experienced team in the running of the new company. Such a team should possess a repertoire of experience that is grounded on a formal educational training. This ensures a realistic projection and understanding of the business environment and more specifically the trends in the target market. A professional team also understands the concept of delegation so that it not everything is left to the subordinates in avoidance of work. Third, the product innovation distinguishes between a stable and non-stable spin-off. The dynamism in technology dictates that a companys product undergoes changes so as to fit in the market. Technological changes will sometimes dictate a complete overhaul of a product so that it can be of use by others in the market. For example, a change in the raw materials dictates a change in the production plant. The other factor is the market driven strategies. A company must properly study the market trends so as to cope up with the market demands. The strategies adopted must among other things be appealing to the clients, defeat the competitors strategies and influence the acquisition of the desired market share. The strategy must however be within the reach of the companys resources. It is marketing that informs the target market of the existence of a technology for use. In many instances, marketing h as been considered more important than product innovation. It is possible to influence the market and sustain or increase a market share without necessarily increasing a products innovations. In comparison with other community business enterprises the achievement of spin-off companies were rated in the following decreasing order; protection of IPR, employment of professionals, product innovation, market driven strategies (De Coster Butler, 2005). From this order, it is clear that spin-off companies do not put much emphasis on the target market. They highly concentrate on maintaining their competitive advantage elements which, though important, may not translate to returns. More emphasis on maintenance of competitive advantage by protection of IPR ensures survival of a company for a longer period of time. However this would only be varied if the IPR are so distinctive such that the competitors cant produce substitutes. Commercialization of innovations All institutions attempting to produce entrepreneurs must commit themselves to four strategies. First, the institutions must influence availability of venture capital around the university area. This will be achieved by encouraging financier relationships. The students should also not be restricted to the institution environment, but rather oriented to adopt dynamic technological-based skills vital in either regional or even national development levels (Vohora et al, 2003). Secondly, the institutions should adopt a commercial orientation. This can be achieved by the institutions funding commercially oriented researches. This should however not disable the technological researches. Thirdly, institutions should create and maintain intellectual eminence. Quality researchers are highly likely to use their innovation capabilities in starting firms than lesser quality researchers. On average, high quality researchers can only be found in those institutions that are more eminent. Institut ions should therefore work towards their reputation and prestigiousness. Prestigious institutions can easily get funds for commercial research in form of gifts, and perhaps donations from development partners. Finally, research institutions should develop clear policies that allow technology transfers. It is only such a move that the graduates and the general academia staff can have a hands-on experience in the commercial sector. Issues of sharing of loyalties for IPR should be properly spelt out. The institutions share of loyalties of IPR should be moderate so that the spin-offs get substantial revenue in utilizing the IPR. The institution should also have policies that enhance availability of venture capital funds from internal sources. Furthermore, the institution should be willing to have a share of equity stake with the technology licensing offices. Such a practice displays the important role that the institution is playing in the business world. The above strategies would enha nce a change in institutions culture towards spin-offs and the general approach to innovation commercializing. Governments also have a share in development of entrepreneurs from universities and public research institutions. Since universities are public institutions, the government should have a keen interest on the outputs that such institutions are producing to the economy. The government should therefore be a keen observer so that, through the relevant government agencies, it can advise the universities on the influence the outputs form those institutions are having on the economy. In attaining entrepreneurship culture among University students, government ought to devolve funds the institutions in a bid to enhance commercial oriented researches. The government should then have a mechanism to monitor such funds. The government should also pass legislations that would IPR ownership by universities (Ko Smith, 2006). Conclusion Its paramount to reckon that, the entrepreneur world is commercial and so every innovation that is discovered should be properly channeled to the market. Universities should be at the forefront in bridging the disconnect that exists between technology and its commercialization. The government should play its role as discussed in the paper in enhancing integration of the academia community with the business community within the country and beyond. Nevertheless, individual responsibility in terms of putting efforts to integrate the technology gained in universities with the society is also important. The academia community must have a self motivation to practice the innovative concepts learnt in class. The essence of learning will only be realized by a complete harmony between theory and practice, which is the ability to correctly interpret and use knowledge from class in the real life. References De Coster, R. Butler, C. (2005). Assessment of proposals for new technology ventures in the UK: characteristics of university spin-off companies. Journal of Technovation. 25; 535-543. Di Gregorio, D. Shane, S. (2003). Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy. 32; 209-227. Druilhe, C. Garnsey, E. (2004). Do Academic Spin-outs Differ and Does it Matter? In: Journal of Technology Transfer. 29(3/4). 269-285. Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A., Gebhardt, C. Terra, B.R. (2000). The future of the university and the University of the Future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy. 29(2):313-330. Ko, H. Smith, H.L. (October, 2006). Measuring the performance of Oxford University, Oxford Brookes University and the government laboratories spin-off companies. Research Policy. 35; 1554-1568. Leydesdorff, L. Etzkowitz, H. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and ‘‘Mode 2 to a Triple He lix of university-industry-government relations. Research Policy. 29; 109-123. Vohora, A., Wright, M. Locakett, A. (June, 2003). Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy. 33; 147-175.